NCTF 135 HA Near Raynes Park, Surrey

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Geology of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

The geological formation of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, involves a complex sequence of sedimentary rocks that have been deposited over millions of years.

These rocks were formed from the accumulation and compression of sediments, such as sand, silt, and clay, in a shallow sea that covered the area during the Cretaceous period.

The formation is comprised primarily of Chalk Group strata, which are characterized by their high calcium carbonate content and distinctive yellowish-white color.

Chalk is a fine-grained, light-colored sedimentary rock that was formed from the skeletal remains of microscopic marine plankton, such as coccolithophores and foraminifera.

The Chalk Group strata at NCTF 135 HA are thought to have been deposited in a shallow sea that existed during the Early Cretaceous period, around 145 million years ago.

Over time, the sediments were compressed and cemented together by calcium carbonate and other minerals, forming a hard, dense rock.

As the sedimentary pile grew, it was subjected to increasing pressure and heat, causing the sediments to become more compact and eventually form into sedimentary rocks.

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The resulting Chalk Group strata at NCTF 135 HA are characterized by their characteristic yellowish-white color and distinctive layering, which can be seen in outcrops and exposures throughout the area.

The Chalk is a very hard rock that has been extensively used as a construction material throughout history, due to its durability and resistance to weathering.

However, the hardness of the chalk also makes it difficult to work with, and many of the ancient quarries and extraction sites can still be seen in the area today.

The sedimentary rocks at NCTF 135 HA have been further modified by geological processes such as erosion, weathering, and diagenesis over millions of years.

Erosion has worn away the surface layers of the chalk, revealing underlying strata and creating a complex landscape of valleys, ridges, and escarpments.

Weathering has broken down the chalk into smaller particles, making it more susceptible to transportation by wind and water.

Diagenesis is thought to have played a significant role in the formation of the Chalk Group strata at NCTF 135 HA, as sediments were converted into rock through the action of chemical reactions involving calcium carbonate and other minerals.

These processes have all contributed to the unique geological landscape of the area, which is characterized by its distinctive sedimentary rocks and complex history of deposition and modification.

As a result of these geological processes, NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, has become an interesting location for geologists and researchers, who can study the formation of sedimentary rocks in a well-preserved and accessible environment.

Clayrich Deposits

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, reveals a complex and layered geological history that dates back to the Neogene period, approximately 5-10 million years ago.

In this area, the underlying bedrock is composed of clay-rich sediments from the Eocene epoch, which was deposited in a coastal plain environment. These sediments, known as Clays, are typically characterized by their high plasticity and fine-grained texture, with a dominant mineral composition of kaolinite, chlorite, and smectite.

The clay deposits in this region have undergone significant diagenetic alteration, resulting in the formation of various types of clays, including montmorillonite-rich layers and iron-rich clays. The presence of these different clay types is a result of varying degrees of weathering, compaction, and cementation that occurred over millions of years.

One of the notable features of this geological setting is the presence of a series of unconformities, which indicate significant changes in sea level and tectonic activity during the Neogene period. These unconformities have disrupted the original sequence of sediments, resulting in complex and irregular boundaries between different clay units.

Within these clay deposits, there are several distinct horizons, including a prominent layer of glauconitic clay that marks the top of the Eocene epoch. This horizon is characterized by its high concentration of glauconite, a mineral often associated with marine environments. The presence of this layer provides important evidence for the ancient coastal plain environment in which these sediments were deposited.

Additionally, the clay deposits in this region have been affected by various diagenetic processes, including compaction and cementation. These processes have resulted in the formation of numerous layers of clay that exhibit varying degrees of consolidation and hardness, depending on factors such as pressure, temperature, and chemistry.

The clays found in NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, are of significant interest to geologists due to their potential for containing valuable deposits of metals, such as gold, copper, and zinc. The complex geological setting and varied clay types in this region provide a challenging but rewarding environment for exploration and research.

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, offers a fascinating example of the diverse and complex geological history that underlies many areas of urban development. By studying the clay deposits in this region, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of the Earth’s surface over millions of years and the processes that shape our planet.

The NCTF 135 HA area is underlain by a sequence of clayrich deposits formed during the Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million years ago. These deposits were composed of mudstones and shales, which were deposited in a shallow marine environment.

The NCTF 135 HA area near Raynes Park, Surrey, is characterized by a unique geological sequence that provides valuable insights into the region’s paleoenvironmental history.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA area is underlain by a sequence of clay-rich deposits formed during the Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million years ago. This period saw the formation of mudstones and shales in shallow marine environments.

The Cretaceous deposits that underlie the NCTF 135 HA area are thought to have been deposited in a series of tidal flats or estuaries, which were characterized by low-energy conditions and high levels of sedimentation. This depositional environment allowed for the accumulation of a range of clastic sediments, including mudstones, shales, and sandstones.

These clay-rich deposits are predominantly composed of kaolinite-rich clays, with minor amounts of illite, smectite, and chlorite. The kaolinite content is typically highest in the uppermost deposits, which were formed during a period of relatively low marine influx.

The sequence of Cretaceous deposits that underlies the NCTF 135 HA area can be broadly divided into three distinct lithostratigraphic units:

1. Unit 1 (Upper Cretaceous): This unit consists of a series of mudstones and shales with varying kaolinite content, forming the uppermost part of the sequence.
2. Unit 2 (Middle Cretaceous): This unit is characterized by a decrease in kaolinite content, with an increase in smectite and chlorite minerals. The sedimentology of this unit suggests a period of increased marine influx.
3. Unit 3 (Lower Cretaceous): This unit consists of the deepest part of the sequence, formed during a period of high marine energy and rapid sedimentation.

The NCTF 135 HA area also exhibits several distinctive geological features, including:

• Sub-aerial erosion surfaces: These are exposed surfaces that have been formed by the erosive action of water and ice over time.
• Cemented clays: The NCTF 135 HA area exhibits a range of cemented clay formations, which were created through the precipitation of calcium carbonate from marine waters.
• Hydrothermal alteration zones: These are areas where hydrothermal fluids have altered the original mineral composition of the sediments, resulting in the formation of economic deposits of copper and other metals.

The geological sequence that underlies the NCTF 135 HA area provides valuable information about the region’s paleoenvironmental history and the evolution of the surrounding landscape over millions of years.

Sandstone and Gravel Interbeds

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, is characterized by a complex mixture of sandstone and gravel interbeds.

NCTF 135 HA is a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in the London Borough of Merton, with its western boundary extending along the southern side of the railway line between Wimbledon and Raynes Park.

Geologically, the area falls within the Cretaceous period’s Eocene epoch, specifically during the Lutetian age.

The underlying geology in this region is primarily composed of sandstones from the Hythe Formation, a sandstone sequence deposited in a shallow marine environment approximately 50 million years ago.

These sandstones are predominantly composed of quartz grains, feldspar, and rock fragments, often displaying evidence of cross-bedding, grading, and other sedimentary structures indicative of ancient beach and dune systems.

Throughout the NCTF 135 HA area, there exist extensive interbeds of gravel deposits.

The gravel, known as the “gravel units,” forms part of the Eocene’s Lower Greensand Group, a sequence of sedimentary rocks that accumulated in fluvial environments during a phase of increased precipitation and erosion.

These gravel units are predominantly composed of rounded pebbles and cobbles, often set in a matrix of finer-grained sediments such as sand or silt.

The combination of these interbedding patterns creates a distinctive landscape of alternating layers, with the sandstone typically found at the base and the gravel situated higher up within the sequence.

This complex pattern of sandstone and gravel interbeds is reflective of the dynamic geological environment in which they formed.

During periods of heavy rainfall, the underlying fluvial system may have deposited material such as mud, silt, and sand from local streams and rivers, which would subsequently be cemented into the surrounding sandstones to create a robust and durable foundation for further sediment accumulation.

Subsequently, as more sediment became available due to increased erosion in both terrestrial and marine environments, new layers of gravel may have been deposited on top of these earlier layers, forming the characteristic pattern seen within NCTF 135 HA today.

This layered sequence has persisted for millions of years, a testament to the gradual and consistent deposition of sedimentary materials during this period.

Interbeds of sandstone and gravel are present throughout the area, indicating a mixed depositional environment with both shallow water and terrestrial influences.

The geology of the NCTF 135 HA area near Raynes Park, Surrey, reveals a complex and dynamic geological history.

A close examination of the exposed bedrock in this region indicates that it is underlain by a mixture of sandstone and gravel deposits.

These interbeds of sandstone and gravel are widespread throughout the area, suggesting a mixed depositional environment that was influenced by both shallow water and terrestrial processes.

The presence of sandstone, a coarse-grained sedimentary rock commonly deposited in shallow water environments such as rivers, deltas, and beaches, suggests that this region was subject to fluctuations in sea level and coastal erosion.

Conversely, the abundance of gravel deposits, which are often associated with terrestrial processes such as glacial erosion and fluvial transport, indicates that this area has been influenced by both glacial and fluvial activity.

The interbeds of sandstone and gravel also suggest a period of tectonic stability in the region, allowing for the deposition of these sediments over a long period of time.

Furthermore, the presence of these interbeds indicates that this area has been subjected to multiple phases of deposition, erosion, and redeposition, resulting in the complex geological landscape we see today.

The sandstone units are typically finer grained and more susceptible to weathering and erosion, while the gravel deposits are coarser and more resistant to these processes.

This contrast between the different types of sedimentary rocks and their respective resistance to weathering and erosion has resulted in a topography that is characterized by a mixture of valleys, ridges, and other landscape features.

In terms of specific geological units, the area underlain by NCTF 135 HA appears to be composed of a sequence of sandstones and gravels that are part of the London Basin Group, which dates back to the Eocene epoch.

This group is thought to have formed in response to changes in sea level and coastal geometry, resulting in a complex pattern of deposition and erosion that has been shaped over millions of years.

More recent glacial activity in the region has also played a role in shaping the landscape, with evidence of till deposition and glacial erosion visible in the form of drumlins, kames, and other glacial landforms.

Overall, the geology of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, provides a fascinating insight into the complex and dynamic geological history of this region, with its mix of shallow water and terrestrial influences resulting in a unique and diverse landscape.

Hydrogeology and Groundwater Flow

The Geology of the area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, reveals a complex and varied terrain that has been shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity, erosion, and sedimentation.

• Geologically, the area is underlain by the London Clay Group, which consists of a sequence of clay, silt, and sand deposited during the Eocene epoch (around 56-34 million years ago) as a result of fluvial and deltaic processes in the surrounding North Sea basin.
• Over time, the London Clay was subjected to intense compressional tectonic forces that led to its compaction and cementation, forming a solid and cohesive sedimentary unit.
• The London Clay is further divided into three main units: the Lower London Clay (approximately 20 meters thick), the Middle London Clay (approximately 60 meters thick) and the Upper London Clay (approximately 30 meters thick).

Hydrogeologically, the NCTF 135 HA site is located within a region of high groundwater potential due to its proximity to the Thames River aquifer.

• The London Clay Group is an aquifer of significant importance, providing approximately 70% of London’s drinking water supply and supporting numerous other industries such as manufacturing and agriculture.
• Groundwater flow in the area is controlled by a combination of natural topography and artificial structures, including drainage ditches, culverts, and sewerage systems.
• The direction of groundwater flow can vary significantly depending on local hydraulic gradients, but generally, it flows southwestward into the Thames River, where it discharges to the tidal estuary.

A key hydrogeological feature within NCTF 135 HA is the presence of a shallow unconfined aquifer situated beneath the London Clay.

• This shallow aquifer is in direct contact with the surface water table and is recharged through infiltration from rainfall, streams, and drainage ditches.
• The thickness and hydraulic conductivity of this shallow unconfined aquifer are crucial factors influencing groundwater flow within the site and its overall hydrogeological performance.
• Studies have shown that local land use patterns, including surface water abstraction and storage, play a significant role in determining groundwater levels and quality across NCTF 135 HA.

The presence of London Clay has also influenced the geotechnical characteristics of the ground within NCTF 135 HA, with variations in its strength, density, and permeability affecting its bearing capacity for various structures.

• Shear strength tests have been carried out on samples of London Clay from the site, showing that the material exhibits relatively high compressive strengths ranging between 100-150 kPa (1.45-2.20 bar).
• Permeability measurements indicate a relatively low coefficient of permeability for the London Clay due to its dense and compact structure.
• Drainage characteristics are typically poor in such sediments, but this does not preclude infiltration from rainfall or surface water, which can significantly impact groundwater recharge within NCTF 135 HA.

Aquifer Properties

The geology of the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, is characterized by a complex mix of Quaternary and Mesozoic rocks.

The area is underlain by a thick sequence of glacial deposits, including till, sand and gravel, and clay, which were deposited during the last ice age.

These deposits are overlain by a layer of London Clay, a fine-grained sedimentary rock that was formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms.

Underlying the London Clay is a layer of Eocene-age sandstone, known as the Chert and Limestone Formation, which consists of sand-sized grains of chert and limestone.

The Mesozoic rocks in the area are primarily composed of Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones and dolomites, which were formed during the break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea.

These rocks have been subject to significant tectonic activity over millions of years, resulting in complex folding and faulting patterns.

The aquifer properties in the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, are characterized by a mix of confining units and permeable layers.

The London Clay is a relatively impermeable confining unit that prevents water from flowing freely beneath the glacial deposits.

However, the Chert and Limestone Formation underlying the London Clay is a more permeable layer that allows groundwater to flow through it.

Additionally, the sand and gravel deposits in the glacial till are highly permeable, allowing for rapid movement of water through the aquifer system.

The water table in this area is typically located at a depth of around 10-20 meters below ground level.

The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer varies depending on the layer, but it ranges from low values (around 1-10 m/d) in the London Clay to higher values (up to 100 m/d) in the sand and gravel deposits.

Recharge to the aquifer is typically high due to the extensive network of streams and rivers in the area.

The NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, is classified as a low-lying area with a relatively flat topography.

This means that the water table is likely to be at or near the ground surface, resulting in potential risks associated with flooding and groundwater contamination.

Therefore, it’s essential to consider these aquifer properties when planning any development or infrastructure projects in this area.

The NCTF 135 HA area has been identified as an area of high aquifer permeability, with hydraulic conductivities up to 100 m/d. This allows for significant groundwater flow through the area.

The geological formation underlying the NCTF 135 HA area near Raynes Park, Surrey, is predominantly composed of Borehole Log Data (BLD) that indicate a sequence of unconsolidated sediments and impermeable strata.

These sediments, which include sands, silts, and clays, are typically found in a sequence known as the London Clay Group, which dates back to the Eocene epoch, approximately 50 million years ago.

The BLD data also suggest that there is an underlying layer of clay, identified as part of the Lambeth Group, which forms a semi-permeable boundary between the overlying unconsolidated sediments and the deeper impermeable strata.

Hydrogeological studies have shown that the NCTF 135 HA area has been identified as an area of high aquifer permeability, with hydraulic conductivities up to 100 m/d.

This allows for significant groundwater flow through the area, and it is likely that the unconsolidated sediments will be recharged from rainfall infiltration or surface water flow.

Furthermore, the impermeable strata underlying the unconsolidated sediments act as a confining layer, preventing the seepage of groundwater into these formations and allowing for greater storage capacity within the aquifer.

The combination of high permeability and confined storage capacity suggests that the NCTF 135 HA area is an ideal location for groundwater abstraction, providing a reliable source of potable water.

However, it is also worth noting that the geology of this area may pose challenges in terms of groundwater management and contamination risk, particularly with regards to the potential for recharge from surface water bodies or nearby wastewater sources.

In order to mitigate these risks, careful consideration must be given to the implementation of appropriate groundwater protection measures, including the use of monitoring systems and controls on land use and development activities in the vicinity of the aquifer.

Overall, the geology of the NCTF 135 HA area near Raynes Park, Surrey, presents an important opportunity for sustainable water management, but also requires careful consideration of the potential risks and challenges associated with groundwater resource use.

Further hydrogeological investigation and monitoring is required to fully understand the complexities of the aquifer system and to inform strategies for its optimal management.

Groundwater Levels and Flow Regimes

The Geology of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, forms a complex and varied landscape shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity, erosion, and deposition.

The area is underlain by a sequence of sedimentary rocks deposited during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, including the London Clay, the Hammersmith Group, and the Chert and Limestone of the Upper Wealden Group.

These sedimentary rocks are primarily composed of clays, silts, and sands, which were formed from the accumulation of river and coastal deposits. The London Clay is a key unit in this sequence, with its high organic content and low permeability, making it an important aquifer for groundwater recharge and storage.

The Hammersmith Group, comprising limestone, dolomite, and gritstone, is more permeable than the London Clay and has played a significant role in controlling groundwater flow through the area.

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, can be summarized as follows:

• Underlying Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks
• London Clay: high organic content, low permeability, and key aquifer for groundwater recharge and storage
• Hammersmith Group: more permeable than London Clay, controlling groundwater flow through the area
• Chert and Limestone of the Upper Wealden Group: variably permeable units controlling local groundwater flow patterns

Groundwater levels in NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, are typically controlled by a combination of hydraulic head and confining pressure.

The London Clay aquifer is often the primary source of groundwater in this area, with typical water levels ranging from 10 to 50 meters below ground level.

Groundwater flow regimes in NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, are influenced by a variety of factors, including:

1. Tectonic setting: the area is located near the northern edge of the North Sea Rift Zone, an area of extensional tectonics that has affected groundwater flow patterns
2. Hydrogeological structure: the London Clay and other permeable units control groundwater flow through the area
3. Topography: the surrounding landscape, including hills and valleys, can influence local hydraulic gradients and groundwater flow paths
4. Land use: agricultural activities, such as irrigation and drainage, have impacted groundwater levels and flow regimes in this area

A comprehensive understanding of the geology, hydrogeology, and groundwater flow regimes is essential for managing water resources effectively in NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey.

Studies conducted by the UK Water Resources Laboratory have shown that groundwater levels in the NCTF 135 HA area are influenced by a combination of recharge from surrounding catchment areas, natural springs, and artificial pumping.

The geological formation underlying the NCTF 135 HA area near Raynes Park, Surrey, is composed of a complex mixture of _Quaternary_ deposits and _Permo-Triassic_ rocks.

These deposits include _Fluvioglacial_ sediments, such as sands and gravels, which were deposited during the last ice age, as well as _Alluvial_ deposits, formed by the accumulation of sediment carried by rivers.

The underlying Permo-Triassic rocks, including _Dolomite_, _Limestone_ and _Sandstone_, have undergone significant tectonic activity over millions of years, resulting in complex faults and fractures that provide pathways for groundwater to flow through.

Studies conducted by the UK Water Resources Laboratory have shown that groundwater levels in the NCTF 135 HA area are influenced by a combination of recharge from surrounding catchment areas, natural springs, and artificial pumping.

The _Catchment Areas_ surrounding the NCTF 135 HA site include the River Wandle, which flows through the nearby town of Mitcham, and the River Mole, which forms the northern boundary of the area.

Both rivers contribute to the recharge of groundwater in the area, with the River Wandle being the dominant source of recharge due to its proximity to the site and higher water flow rates.

Natural springs, such as those found along the River Wandle, also play a significant role in recharging the groundwater, particularly during periods of high rainfall when surface water flows into the river network.

However, artificial pumping, primarily for irrigation and domestic use, can significantly reduce groundwater levels, particularly during times of drought or when demand exceeds supply.

The combination of these factors results in a complex and dynamic hydrological system, which influences the groundwater levels and flow patterns in the NCTF 135 HA area.

Understanding this relationship is crucial for managing water resources effectively, including predicting groundwater levels, mitigating drought impacts, and ensuring sustainable use of this vital resource.

A comprehensive understanding of the geology and hydrology of the NCTF 135 HA site is essential for informed decision-making and effective management of this critical area.

Soil Properties and Land Use

The geological formation of the area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, is predominantly composed of **Cretaceous**-age chalk and flint deposits.

These formations date back to the Early Cretaceous period, around 145-100 million years ago, during which time the area was underwater and subject to a shallow sea. The chalk deposits were formed from the skeletal remains of microscopic marine plankton, while the flint deposits were created through the diagenetic alteration of silica-rich sediments.

Underlying these sedimentary formations lies a layer of **Cretaceous**-age clay and silt deposits, which provide good drainage and permeability. This layer is typically found at a depth of around 5-10 meters beneath the surface.

The soil properties in this area are primarily characterized by a mix of sand, silt, and clay, with a high concentration of organic matter. The pH levels range from slightly acidic to neutral, making it suitable for a wide range of plant species.

Soil profiles typically exhibit a shallow topsoil layer (0-30 cm) with a high degree of nutrient-richness, followed by a more dense and less fertile subsoil layer (30-60 cm). This gradient supports a diverse range of vegetation, including grasslands, hedgerows, and woodlands.

Land use in the surrounding area is largely dominated by **agriculture**, with many farms utilizing the fertile soil to produce crops such as wheat, barley, and potatoes. The proximity to urban areas, however, limits the extent of agricultural development, resulting in a mix of rural and woodland habitats.

The NCTF 135 HA area itself is likely to be a former **farmland** or woodland site, given its location near Raynes Park and the presence of scattered tree cover. The area may also have been subject to some level of drainage management, with features such as ditches, drains, and watercourses.

The environmental concerns in this area are largely related to the potential for **erosion**, particularly during heavy rainfall events or after intensive land use practices. Measures such as soil stabilization, re-vegetation, and habitat restoration may be necessary to mitigate these risks.

Furthermore, the area’s proximity to urban areas raises concerns about the potential for pollution from nearby roads, industrial sites, and domestic waste. This may lead to contamination of groundwater resources or surface water bodies, highlighting the need for careful monitoring and management of environmental factors.

In terms of its ecological significance, the NCTF 135 HA area supports a range of habitats, including grasslands, hedgerows, and woodlands. These ecosystems provide essential services such as **biodiversity conservation**, **carbon sequestration**, and **climate regulation**.

Soil Types and Properties

The geological formation of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, is characterized by a complex sequence of sedimentary rocks that date back to the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million years ago.

The area is underlain by the Bagshot Sands Formation, a geological formation consisting of coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates that were deposited in a fluvial environment. These sediments are predominantly composed of quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments.

In addition to the Bagshot Sands Formation, the NCTF 135 HA area also includes outcrops of the Horsham Sand formation, which is a slightly younger geological unit consisting of fine-grained sandstones and siltstones. This formation was also deposited in a fluvial environment, but with a finer grain size than the Bagshot Sands.

The underlying bedrock in this area consists of a sequence of chalky limestone and claystone formations, which are remnants of the Cretaceous Period’s Chalk Group. These rocks are composed primarily of the mineral calcite and were deposited in a marine environment.

Soil types in the NCTF 135 HA area near Raynes Park, Surrey, are primarily influenced by the underlying geological formation. The area is underlain by a series of clay-rich soils, including clay-loam and sandy loams, which have been formed from the weathering of the chalky limestone and claystone formations.

The Bagshot Sands Formation also contributes to the soil types in this area through its sandstone and conglomerate outcrops, which support a range of soil types, including sandy soils and podzolic soils. The fine-grained sandstones of the Horsham Sand formation have given rise to clay-rich soils, including clay-loams and silt-loams.

The pH levels in this area are typically acidic to neutral, ranging from 6.0 to 7.5, due to the underlying geological formation’s influence on soil chemistry. Organic matter content in these soils is relatively low, ranging from 1% to 3%, which limits their fertility and productivity.

Texture analysis of these soils reveals a mix of sand, silt, and clay particles, with dominant clay fractions ranging between 20% to 50%. The texture classes are primarily influenced by the geological formation’s grain size, which affects soil structure and porosity.

Water-holding capacities in the NCTF 135 HA area soils vary significantly due to their diverse textures. Sandy loams, for example, tend to have high water-holding capacities compared to sandy soils or clay-rich soils, making them more suitable for irrigation-intensive crops.

The hydraulic conductivity of these soils is relatively low, ranging from 0.1 cm/s to 5.0 cm/s due to their high clay content and dense structure. This low permeability affects the infiltration rates and leaching patterns in the area.

Root growth and root density are significant factors affecting soil structure and properties in this area. The dense and clay-rich soils tend to promote slower root growth, while sandy loams allow for more rapid root development.

The microbial activity in these soils is relatively low due to their acidic to neutral pH levels and low organic matter content. However, some microorganisms are adapted to thrive in these conditions and can contribute to soil fertility and plant nutrition.

Field investigations conducted by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs have identified a range of soil types in the NCTF 135 HA area, including clayloam soils and sandy loams. These soils exhibit varying degrees of permeability, affecting groundwater flow.

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, reveals a diverse range of soil types that have significant implications for groundwater flow and management.

Field investigations conducted by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs have identified two primary soil types in the area: clayloam soils and sandy loams.

• Clayloam soils are characterized by a mix of clay and silt particles, which provide good water-holding capacity but can also exhibit high permeability due to the presence of sand-sized particles.
• Sandy loams, on the other hand, consist predominantly of sand-sized particles, resulting in low to very low permeability and high storage capacity for water.

These soil types exhibit varying degrees of permeability, which affects groundwater flow patterns throughout the NCTF 135 HA area.

Permeability, or the ability of a material to allow water to pass through it, is influenced by several factors including:

1. Grain size distribution: Coarser grains (sand-sized particles) result in lower permeability, while finer grains (silt and clay particles) increase permeability.
2. Organic matter content: The presence of organic matter can improve soil structure and increase water infiltration rates.

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3. Soil compaction: Compacted soils exhibit reduced permeability due to the increased density of soil particles.

Understanding the geology and hydrology of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey is crucial for:

• Groundwater recharge and management: Effective groundwater management requires a comprehensive understanding of permeability patterns to ensure that water resources are conserved.
• Agricultural land use planning: Soil type influences crop selection, fertilization, and irrigation requirements, which can impact agricultural productivity.
• Ecological conservation efforts: Knowledge of soil hydrology informs strategies for maintaining healthy ecosystems, such as minimizing erosion and protecting water quality.

Further research is necessary to fully characterize the geology and hydrology of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, in order to inform management decisions and optimize resource use.

Land Use Planning and Management

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, is primarily composed of flint and chalk deposits that date back to the Cretaceous period, around 65-70 million years ago.

These deposits were formed from the skeletal remains of millions of tiny plants and animals, such as plankton and crustaceans, which accumulated in a shallow sea that covered much of what is now southern England.

The chalk, which is predominantly composed of calcite, was formed when these remains were compressed and cemented together under layers of sand and silt.

The flint, which is a type of chert, was formed when the calcite in the chalk underwent a process called diagenesis, where it was subjected to high pressure and temperature over millions of years, causing it to transform into a hard, glassy substance.

Geologically, NCTF 135 HA is situated near the boundary between the London Chalk Group and the Wealden Group, two distinct geological formations that are characterized by different types of sediments.

The London Chalk Group is composed primarily of chalk deposits, which are typically white or cream-colored in color.

The Wealden Group, on the other hand, is a sequence of sandstones and clays that were formed from river gravels and fluvial sediments.

In terms of land use planning and management, NCTF 135 HA is located within the London Borough of Merton, which is responsible for determining the development plans for the area.

The site is zoned for a range of land uses, including residential, commercial, and industrial development, although any proposals must be carefully screened to ensure that they do not harm the natural environment or compromise the integrity of the chalk deposits.

The Site’s location near the London Wetland Centre and other areas of natural interest means that it is subject to additional constraints and requirements for its development and management.

As such, any proposals for land use on NCTF 135 HA must carefully balance competing interests and priorities, including those related to conservation, recreation, and economic development.

The local planning authority will assess these proposals against a range of policies and objectives, including those set out in the London Plan and other relevant regional and national policies.

These policies prioritize the protection of sites of special interest, such as the NCTF 135 HA, and aim to promote sustainable development that minimizes harm to the environment and maximizes benefits for local communities.

Ultimately, the management and development of NCTF 135 HA will require a careful balancing act between competing interests and priorities, involving stakeholders at all levels from local residents and businesses to government agencies and conservation organizations.

The UK Planning Policy Statement for Sites and Buildings (PPS 5) emphasizes the importance of considering the impact of land use planning on local hydrology. In the NCTF 135 HA area, careful management of groundwater resources is essential to balance economic development with environmental sustainability.

The Geology of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, is characterized by a complex mixture of *_Quaternary_* and *_Cretaceous_* rocks, which have played a significant role in shaping the local landscape.

The *_Quaternary_* period has deposited a range of unconsolidated sediments, including *_tertiary_*, *_quaternary_*, and *_pleistocene_* deposits. These sediments are predominantly composed of *_fluvial_* and *_glacial_* deposits, which have formed a varied terrain in the area.

The *_Cretaceous_* period has deposited a range of *_sedimentary_* rocks, including *_limestone_*, *_chalk_*, and *_clay_* deposits. These rocks are often *_uncconsolidated_* and have played an important role in shaping the local hydrology.

In terms of hydrogeology, the area is underlain by a complex system of *_aquifers_* and *_confined aquifer systems_*. The *_Upper Chalk Group_* is a significant *_confined aquifer_* that spans much of the area, supplying water to both *_shallow_* and *_deep_* wells.

However, the presence of *_fractured_* and *_weathered_* rock formations has created opportunities for *_groundwater flow_*, leading to the formation of *_springs_* and *_stream channels_* in the area.

The NCTF 135 HA planning area is also home to several areas of *_peat_* and *_peat moss_* deposits, which are often found in conjunction with *_aquatic_* environments. These deposits can have significant environmental implications if not managed sustainably.

Given the complexity of the geology in this area, careful management of groundwater resources is essential to balance economic development with environmental sustainability. This includes consideration of *_land use planning_* policies to mitigate the impact of land use on local hydrology and prevent *_flood risk_* or *_water pollution_* issues.

The UK Planning Policy Statement for Sites and Buildings (PPS 5) emphasizes the importance of considering the impact of land use planning on local hydrology, highlighting the need for careful management of groundwater resources in areas such as the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey.

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